Two old men disputing reveals the individuality and brilliance that distinguished the young Rembrandt as Leiden’s finest artist. There has been much speculation regarding the subject of this painting. It has been suggested that the two men are philosophers, possibly Hippocrates and Democritus, or the apostles Peter and Paul. However, in 1641, the painting was referred to in the will of Jacques de Gheyn III, a friend of Rembrandt, simply as ‘two little old men [who] are seated and disputing’. Rembrandt has included objects associated with learning – books, quills and a globe – thereby creating an emblematic essay on the wisdom of age.