This painting has long been clouded in controversy. Acquired as a self-portrait by Rembrandt, the work’s attribution has been questioned ever since its arrival in Australia in 1933. While the painting’s history can be firmly traced back to 1756 – when it is known to have been in the collection of Margaret Cavendish, second Duchess of Portland (1715–1785) – Rembrandt scholars have for many years remained divided over its authorship. In 1982 the Rembrandt Research Project declared this painting to be by an unknown artist working in the manner of Rembrandt. More recently, further technical investigation, undertaken by the National Gallery of Victoria’s conservation staff, has encouraged the scholars of the Rembrandt Research Project to reassess the work. They now consider Rembrandt to belong to a group of ‘self-portraits’, made for an as yet undetermined purpose, which originated in Rembrandt’s workshop and were painted before Rembrandt’s own eyes by one or more of his studio assistants.