The Old Testament Book of Exodus tells how the Israelites, led by Moses, journeyed out of captivity in Egypt to the Promised Land. Pursued by the Egyptians to the Red Sea, Moses miraculously parted the waters, allowing his people to cross safely. The waters then closed, drowning the Egyptians behind them. This theme had great significance in the Counter-Reformation period, when the basic tenets of Roman Catholicism were being reasserted in the face of Protestant reform. The contemporary punishment of religious heretics was equated with God’s destruction of Pharaoh and his armies, depicted here as Protestant Germans and Muslim Turks.